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Translation glossary: AN AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNOTATED DICTIONARY

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pUCA widely used expression plasmid containing a -galactosidase gene 
英語
PVAThe Plant Variety Act 
英語
Reading frameA series of triplet codons beginning from a specific nucleotide 
英語
Recessive geneCharacterized as having a phenotype expressed only when both copies of the gene are mutated or missing. 
英語
Recessive(-acting) oncogene, (anti-oncogene)A single copy of this gene is sufficient to suppress cell proliferation; the loss of both copies of the gene contributes to cancer formation 
英語
Recognition sequence (site)A nucleotide sequence--composed typically of 4, 6, or 8 nucleotides--that is recognized by a restriction endonuclease 
英語
RecombinantA cell that results from recombination of genes. 
英語
Recombinant DNAThe process of cutting and recombining DNA fragments from different sources as a means to isolate genes or to alter their structure and function. 
英語
Recombination frequencyThe frequency at which crossing over occurs between two chromosomal loci--the probability that two loci will become unlinked during meiosis. 
英語
Regulatory geneA gene whose protein controls the activity of other genes or metabolic pathways. 
英語
Relaxed circle plasmidSee Plasmid. 
英語
Relaxed plasmidA plasmid that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome and is present in 10-500 copies per cell 
英語
RenatureThe reannealing (hydrogen bonding) of single- stranded DNA and/or RNA to form a duplex molecule. 
英語
RepliconA chromosomal region containing the DNA sequences necessary to initiate DNA replication processes. 
英語
RepressorA DNA-binding protein in prokaryotes that blocks gene transcription by binding to the operator. 
英語
Restriction endonuclease (enzyme)A class of endonucleases that cleaves DNA after recognizing a specific sequence, such as BamH1 (GGATCC), EcoRI (GAATTC), and HindIII (AAGCTT) 
英語
Restriction mapSee Mapping. 
英語
Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP)Differences in nucleotide sequence between alleles at a chromosomal locus result in restriction fragments of varying lengths detected by Southern anal 
英語
RetrovirusA member of a class of RNA viruses that utilizes the enzyme reverse transcriptase to reverse copy its genome into a DNA intermediate, which integrates 
英語
Reverse geneticsUsing linkage analysis and polymorphic markers to isolate a disease gene in the absence of a known metabolic defect, then using the DNA sequence of th 
英語
Reverse transcriptase (RNA-dependent DNA polymerase)An enzyme isolated from retrovirus-infected cells that synthesizes a complementary (c)DNA strand from an RNA template. 
英語
RFLPSee Restriction-fragment-length polymorphism. 
英語
RhizobiaBacteria in a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants that results in nitrogen fixation 
英語
RhizosphereThe soils region on and around plant roots. 
英語
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)The RNA component of the ribosome 
英語
RibosomeCellular organelle that is the site of protein synthesis during translation 
英語
Ribosome-binding siteThe region of an mRNA molecule that binds the ribosome to initiate translation. 
英語
RibozymeSee Catalytic RNA. 
英語
RNA (ribonucleic acid)An organic acid composed of re- peating nucleotide units of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, whose ribose components are linked by phosphodiest 
英語
RNA polymeraseTranscribes RNA from a DNA template 
英語
rRNASee Ribosomal RNA. 
英語
S&ESee U.S 
英語
SalmonellaA genus of rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria that are a common cause of food poisoning. 
英語
Satellite RNA (viroids)A small, self-splicing RNA molecule that accompanies several plant viruses, including tobacco ringspot virus. 
英語
Selectable markerA gene whose expression allows one to identify cells that have been transforrned or transfected with a vector containing the marker gene 
英語
Self-pollinationPollen of one plant is transferred to the female part of the same plant or another plant with the same genetic makeup. 
英語
Semiconservative replicationDuring DNA duplication, each strand of a parent DNA molecule is a template for the synthesis of its new complementary strand 
英語
Sequence hypothesisFrancis Crick\'s seminal concept that genetic information exists as a linear DNA code; DNA and protein sequence are colinear 
英語
Sequence-tagged site (STS)A unique (single-copy) DNA sequence used as a mapping landmark on a chromosome. 
英語
Sexual reproductionThe process where two cells (gametes) fuse to form one hybrid, fertilized cell 
英語
Signal transductionThe biochemical events that conduct the signal of a hormone or growth factor from the cell exterior, through the cell membrane, and into the cytoplasm 
英語
Site-directed mutagenesisThe process of introducing spe- cific base-pair mutations into a gene. 
英語
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)Short RNA transcripts of 100-300 bp that associate with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), which participate in RNA 
英語
snRNASee Small nuclear RNA. 
英語
Somatic cellAny nongerm cell that composes the body of an organism and which possesses a set of multiploid chromosomes (diploid in most organisms) 
英語
Somatic cell gene therapyThe repair or replacement of a defective gene within somatic tissue 
英語
SomatotrophinSee Human growth hormone. 
英語
Southern blottingSee Southern hybridization. 
英語
Southern hybridization (Southern blotting)A procedure in which DNA restriction fragments are transferred from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter, where the denatured DNA is then hybridi 
英語
SpeciesA classification of related organisms that can freely interbreed. 
英語
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